Process and system for the conversion of thermal energy from a stream of hot gas into useful energy and electrical power

ABSTRACT

A new method, system and apparatus for power system utilizing flue gas streams and a multi-component working fluid is disclosed including a heat recovery vapor generator (HRVG) subsystem, a multi-stage energy conversion or turbine subsystem and a condensation thermal compression subsystem (CTCSS), where the CTCSS receives a single stream from the turbine subsystem and produces at least one fully condensed stream.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

Embodiments of the processes and systems of this invention are designedfor the efficient conversion of thermal energy from the exhaust flue gasstream, such as flue gas stream from a gas turbine, but equally to anyhot flue gas stream, into useful electrical power. The processes andsystems of this invention are thus bottoming cycles for combined cyclesystems.

More particularly, embodiments of the processes and systems of thisinvention relate to the efficient conversion of a portion of the thermalenergy in a hot external gas stream into a useable from of energy, wherethe system includes two sub-systems, a boiler-turbine sub-system inwhich a condensed working is vaporized or vaporized and superheated by agaseous external heat source stream and a portion of its thermal energyis converted via a turbine component into a useable form of energy suchas electric power, and a condensation thermal compression sub-system(CTCSS), where a spent working solution stream is condensed at reducedpressure, i.e., at pressure which is lower than the pressure ofcondensation achievable at any given ambient temperature, to from a richsolution stream and a lean solution stream that are heated in lowerssections of the boiler component to form streams that when mixed from aworking solution stream where the temperature of the two streams and thecombined stream are equal or substantially equal as that term is definedherein.

2. Description of the Related Art

Power systems with thermodynamical power cycles utilizingmulti-component working fluids can attain a higher efficiency than powersystems utilizing single-component working fluids. Multi-componentworking fluids condense at variable temperatures. Such working fluids,unlike single component working fluids, have a thermodynamical potentialto perform useful work even when sent into a condenser after expansionin a turbine.

Therefore, in the prior art, several power systems that utilized amulti-component working fluid, were designed to have condensation occurin special subsystems which were referred to as distillationcondensation subsystems. In this application, such a subsystems will bereferred to as a Condensation and Thermal Compression Subsystems(CTCSS), a term that more accurately describes the nature of suchsubsystems. Such subsystems all work on the following principle: Astream of working fluid subject to condensation enters into the CTCSS ata pressure which is substantially lower than the pressure required forthe complete condensation of such a stream at a given ambienttemperature. The stream of working fluid is mixed with a recirculatingstream of lean solution (i.e., a stream with a substantially lowerconcentration of the low-boiling component), forming a new stream whichcan be fully condensed at the given ambient temperature, (referred to asthe “basic solution”). Thereafter, the basic solution stream is pumpedto a pressure which is slightly higher than the pressure required forthe condensation of the working fluid, and is subjected to partialre-vaporization, for which heat that was released in the process ofcondensation is utilized. Then, the partially vaporized basic solutionstream is separated into a lean liquid stream having a reducedconcentration of the low-boiling component and a rich vapor streamhaving a higher concentration of the low-boiling component. The leanliquid stream is then mixed with the condensing stream of workingsolution (as described above), while the rich vapor stream is combinedwith a portion of the basic solution stream to reconstitute the initialcomposition of the working fluid, which is then fully condensed.

In U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,563, the most basic and elementary CTCSS has beendescribed. In this very simple CTCSS, heat from rich vapor stream andlean liquid stream produced by partial re-vaporization is notrecuperated, drastically reducing the efficiency of this simple CTCSS.

Although other CTCSS have been disclosed such as those set forth U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,548,043; 4,586,340; 4,604,867; 4,763,480; 5,095,708; and5,572,871, these CTCSS systems are more complicated and elaborate andcannot be easily modified to improve their efficiency or the efficiencyof an overall energy extraction system, where the patent areincorporated by reference by the operation of the closing paragraph ofthe Detailed Description of the Invention.

More recently, newer CTCSS configurations have been disclosed such asthose set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,043,919 and 7,197,876, which areincorporated by reference by the operation of the closing paragraph ofthe Detailed Description of the Invention. However, there is still aneed in the art for a Condensation and Thermal Compression Subsystem(CTCSS) and systems based on it with improved efficiency of the energyextraction process from gaseous heat source streams.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of systems of the present invention include systemscomprising two sub-systems, a boiler-turbine sub-system in which acondensed working is vaporized or vaporized and superheated by anexternal heat source stream and thermal energy in the vaporized orvaporized and superheated working fluid is converted via gas turbineinto power, and a condensation thermal compression sub-system (CTCSS) inwhich a spent working fluid is condensed at reduced pressure, i.e., atpressure which is lower than the pressure of condensation achievable atany given ambient temperature.

Embodiments of methods of the present invention include methods forimplementing systems comprising two sub-systems, a boiler-turbinesub-system in which a condensed working is vaporized or vaporized andsuperheated by an external heat source stream and thermal energy in thevaporized or vaporized and superheated working fluid is converted viagas turbine into power, and a condensation thermal compressionsub-system (CTCSS) in which a spent working fluid is condensed atreduced pressure, i.e., at pressure which is lower than the pressure ofcondensation achievable at any given ambient temperature.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention can be better understood with reference to the followingdetailed description together with the appended illustrative drawings inwhich like elements are numbered the same:

FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of a system of this invention.

FIG. 2 depicts another embodiment of a system of this invention.

FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of a condensation thermal compressionsub-system (CTCSS) of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The inventor has found that a system can be constructed including twosub-systems, a boiler-turbine sub-system in which a condensed working isvaporized or vaporized and superheated by an external heat source streamand thermal energy in the vaporized or vaporized and superheated workingfluid is converted via gas turbine into power, and a condensationthermal compression sub-system (CTCSS) in which a spent working fluid iscondensed at reduced pressure, i.e., at pressure which is lower than thepressure of condensation achievable at any given ambient temperature.The inventor has found that embodiments of the systems of this inventionhave improved efficiencies than prior art systems including a CTCSS.

The systems of this invention utilize multi-component working fluids(i.e., fluids including at least two components, a lower boiling pointcomponent and a higher boiling point component). The multi-componentworking fluid assumes various compositions in the system—the streamscirculating through the systems have different concentrations of thelower boiling point component compared to the higher boiling pointcomponent. The lower boiling component has a substantially lower normalboiling temperature than the other higher boiling component. In certainembodiments, the working fluid comprises an ammonia/water working fluid,with ammonia representing the lower boiling component and waterrepresenting the higher boiling component. This working fluid alsoincludes an additive to inhibit high temperature nitridation corrosionof turbine component, which is possible when the lower boiling componentcomprises ammonia. For additional information on preventing nitridationcorrosion the reader is directed to U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,272,incorporated by reference by the operation of the closing paragraph ofthe Detailed Description of the Invention.

Working fluid streams will designated as “rich solution” streams whenthe streams include a higher concentration of the lower boilingcomponent and as a “lean solution” streams when the streams include alower concentration of the lower boiling component or a higherconcentration of the higher boiling component.

In the embodiments depicted in the figures below, streams are mixed orcombined together using mixing valves as is well known in the art, andstreams are split into substreams using splitter or dividing valves asis also well known in the art. These valves are not numericallyindicated, but reside where ever two or more streams are combined orwhere a stream is divided into two or more substreams.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a first embodiment of a system of thisinvention, generally designated SBC-17, is shown as a flow diagram ofthe system and the components and operational conditions are describedrelative to the flow diagram.

A first condensed stream S29 having parameters as a point 29 and asecond condensed stream S49 having parameters as a the point 49 exit theCTCSS. The stream S29 having the parameters as at the point 29 comprisesa rich solution composition stream of the multi-component fluid having ahigher concentration of the lower boiling component than a workingsolution stream that circulates through the system turbines (see below).The stream S49 having the parameters as at the point 49 comprises a leansolution composition stream of the multi-component fluid having a lowerconcentration of the lower boiling component of the working solutionstream that circulates through the system turbines (see below). Bothstreams S29 and S49 are in a state of subcooled liquid.

The streams S29 and S49 are now sent into parallel feed pumps FP1 andFP2, respectively, where the stream S29 and S49 are pumped to a higherpressure forming stream S100 and S120, having parameters as at points100 and 120, respectively. The streams S100 and S120 having theparameters as at the points 100 and 120 are in a state of subcooledhigher pressure liquid. The pressures of the S100 and S120 are equal orsubstantially equal, where the term substantially here means that thepressures are within 10% of being equal. In other embodiments, thepressures are within 8% of being equal. In other embodiments, thepressures are within 6% of being equal. In other embodiments, thepressures are within 4% of being equal. In other embodiments, thepressures are within 2% of being equal.

The composition of the stream S100 is designated as the “rich solution”,while the composition of the stream S120 is designated as the “leansolution”.

The streams S100 and S120 then enter into a heat recovery vaporgenerator HRVG, where the stream S100 and S120 are heated by an externalheat source stream S600. In certain embodiments, the external heatsource stream S600 comprises a hot flue gas stream from turbine exhaust.

In the HRVG, the streams S100 and S120 are first heated to form streamsS113 and S123 having initial parameters as at points 113 and 123,respectively, with heat from the external heat source stream S600 nowhaving parameters as at a point 613 forming the S600 now havingparameters as at a point 609—spent. The streams S113 and S123 are thenfurther heated to form stream S101 and S121 having parameters as atpoints 101 and 121, respectively, with heat from the external heatsource stream S600 now having parameters as at a point 608.

The section of the HRVG in which heat exchange processes 100-101,120-121, and 608-609 occur is designated as a pre-heater section PHS.

Thereafter, streams S101 and S121 are further heated as they passthrough the HRVG forming steams S114 and S124 having parameters as atpoints 114 and 124, respectively, with heat from the external heatsource stream S600 now having parameters as at a point 610. Thereafter,streams S114 and S124 are yet further heated forming stream S112 andS122 having parameters as at points 112 and 122, correspondingly, withheat from the external heat source stream S600 now having parameters asat a point 615.

In certain embodiments, the rich solution streams S100, S113, S101, S114and S112 and lean solution streams S120, S123, S121, S124 and S122 ofthe working fluid are at a supercritical pressure, i.e., the pressure ofthe streams are higher than a respective critical pressure of thestreams.

In heat transfer process 101-112, the rich solution stream S101 isconverted from a liquid to a vapor state as the stream S112. In heattransfer process 121-122, the lean solution stream S121 is converted tostate of a liquid stream S122 at sub-critical temperature. In the caseswhere a pressure of the streams S112 and S122 is lower than theircritical pressures, then the stream S112 is generally a stream of vapor,whereas the stream 122 may be a liquid stream or a liquid-vapor mixedstream. One of ordinary skill in the art can always find parameters forthe stream S112 and S122 so that when the streams S112 and S122 arebeing mixed, the temperature of the mixed stream S111 will have the sameor substantially the same temperature as the temperature of the streamsS112 and S122 prior to mixing, where the term substantially here meansthat the temperatures are within 10% of being equal. In otherembodiments, the temperatures are within 8% of being equal. In otherembodiments, the temperatures are within 6% of being equal. In otherembodiments, the temperatures are within 4% of being equal. In otherembodiments, the temperatures are within 2% of being equal. The featuresof heating a rich solution stream S100 and a lean solution stream S120in the PHS of the HRVG to a temperatures at which the heated streams maybe combined with no or a negligible change in temperature is a uniquefeature of the present invention.

Thereafter, the streams S112 and S122 are combined to form a workingsolution stream S111 having parameters as at a point 111. The streamS111 corresponds to a state of vapor.

The purpose of the arrangement of including two streams having differentcompositions, one a rich solution stream and one a lean solution streamis that the arrangement provides that the overall conversion of streamsfrom liquid to vapor occurs at lower temperatures than would be the caseif the two stream were combined from the outset or combined prior tobeing introduced into the HRVG. The two stream aspect of this embodimentis a unique feature as the splitting of the stream entering into theHRVG permits stream vaporization at lower temperatures than would be thecase for a single stream. The feature is also made possible by themulti-component working fluid, which permits streams of differentcompositions to flow in different parts of the system.

The two streams S112 and S122 are combined at such a point that atemperature of the combined working solution stream S111 having theparameters as at the point 111 is same or substantially the same astemperatures of the streams S112 and S122 having the parameters as atpoints 112 and 122, respectively, where the term substantially heremeans that the temperatures are within 10% of being equal. In otherembodiments, the temperatures are within 8% of being equal. In otherembodiments, the temperatures are within 6% of being equal. In otherembodiments, the temperatures are within 4% of being equal. In otherembodiments, the temperatures are within 2% of being equal.

Thereafter, the working solution stream S11 having the parameters as atthe point 111 is heated to form a heated working solution stream S102having parameters as at a point 102.

The section of the HRVG in which the heat transfer processes 101-112,121-122, 111-102, 607-615, and 615-608 occur is designated as theintercooler section ICS of the HRVG.

In the ICS of the HRVG, the upcoming streams S101 and S121 in the heatexchange processes 101-112 and 121-122 are heated not only by theexternal heat source stream S600 having parameters as at points 607,615, and 610 (see below), but also by an intercooling stream S107 havingparameters as at a point 107 in a heat transfer process 107-108 (seebelow).

The stream S114 and S124 having the parameters as at the points 114 and124, respectively, correspond to points in the process at which atemperature difference between the external heat source flue gas streamS600 having the parameters at the point 610 and the streams S114 andS124 having the parameters as at the points 114 and 124 reaches itsminimum—the so-called pinch point.

Thereafter, the working solution stream S102 having the parameters as atthe point 102 is further heated by the flue gas stream S600 to form afurther heated working solution stream S103 having parameters as at apoint 103. This section of the HRVG is designated as a mid temperaturesection MTS of the HRVG.

Thereafter, the stream S103 passes through a high temperature sectionHTS of the HRVG to form a fully vaporized and superheated stream S104having parameters as at a point 104, which corresponds to a state ofhigher pressure, high temperature superheated vapor. The HTS of the HRVGis sometimes also referred as a super-heater/re-heater section SH/RHS ofthe HRVG.

The external heat source stream S600 with initial parameters as at thepoint 600 (see above) passes through the HTS of the HRVG, where it iscooled and obtains parameters as at a point 603, transferring heat tothe working solution stream S103 in the heat transfer process 103-104 or600-603.

Thereafter, the external heat source stream S600 having the parametersas at the point 603 passes through the MTS of the HRVG, where it iscooled, transferring heat to the working solution stream S102 having theparameters as at the point 102 in the heat transfer process 102-103,where the stream S600 now have the parameters as at the point 607.

Thereafter, the stream S600 having the parameters as at the point 607passes through the ICS of the HRVG, where it is further cooled,transferring heat to the streams S101, S114, S112, S121, S124, S122,S111 and S102 in the heat transfers processes 101-112, 121-122, 111-102,607-615, 615-610 and 610-608 obtaining intermediate sequentialparameters as at points 615 and 610, and finally obtains parameters aspoint 608 (see above).

In heat transfer process 607-615-610-608, the external heat sourcestream S600 is not only cooled by the upcoming streams S100 and S120,but at the same time is partially heated by the intercooling stream S107in the heat transfer process 107-115-110-108 (see below).

Thereafter, the external heat source stream S600 having the parametersas at the point 608 passes through the PHS of the HRVG, where it iscooled, transferring heat to the upcoming streams S100 and S120 obtainsintermediate parameters as at a point 613, and finally is furthercooled, obtaining parameters as at a point 609. The external heat sourcestream S600 having the parameters as at the point 609 is then releasedinto the stack.

The external heat source stream S600 having parameters as at the point613, the heat source stream such as flue gas stream, reaches the stateof its dew point, i.e., the state at which condensation of water vaporwhich is part of the flue gas begins. As a result, the parameters of theexternal heat source stream at the point 609 correspond to a state ofwet gas.

Meanwhile, the stream S104 having the parameters as at the point 104exits the HRGV and passes through an admission valve TV, where itspressure is reduced or adjusted to form a pressure adjusted stream S109having parameters as at a point 109. The stream S109 now enters into ahigh pressure turbine HPT, where it is expanded, producing power, andforms a spent HPT stream S106 having parameters as at a point 106.

The spent HPT stream S106 is now sent back into the HTS of the HRVG,where it passes through the HTS section of the HRVG to form a reheatedstream S105 having parameters as at a point 105.

The reheated stream S105 is now sent into an intermediate pressureturbine IPT, where it is expanded, producing power, and form a spent IPTstream S107 having parameters as at a point 107.

The stream S107 is now again sent back into the HRVG, into the ICS ofthe HRVG, where it is cooled in the heat exchange process107-115-110-108, transferring heat to the external heat source streamS600 in the ICS of the HRVG (see above) and exiting the HRVG as a cooledstream S108 having parameters as at a point 108.

The stream S108 is now re-designated as a stream S138 having parametersas at a point 138 prior to being sent into the Condensation ThermalCompression Subsystem CTCSS.

In the SBC-17 embodiment of the systems of this invention, allexpansions occurs in the two turbines HPT and IPT.

After being cooled in the ICS of the HRVG, the working solution streamS108/S138 having the parameters as at the point 108/138 none-the-lessremains in a state of superheated vapor.

The use of two streams S100 and S120 having different compositions asdescribed above allows a temperature of the streams S100 and S120 andthe combined stream S111 in the process of conversion from liquid tovapor in the ICS of the HRVG to be lower than would be possible with asingle combined stream entering the HRVG.

Although many of the embodiments of the systems of this invention, theCTCSS produces two stream having different compositions—a rich stream(i.e., a stream having a higher concentration of the lower boilingcomponent of the multi-component working fluid) and a lean stream (i.e.,a stream having a lower concentration of the lower boiling component ofthe multi-component working fluid), in other embodiments, the two streamcan have the same composition. On the other hand, a flow rate of thestream S40 in the CTCSS (see below) can be set to zero meaning that thestreams S46, S48 and S49 have zero flow rates and, therefore, streamS120 has a zero flow rate. In these embodiments, only a single streamexits the CTCSS. In those embodiments where the CTCSS produces twoseparate streams, a condensation pressure is increased in the CTCSS,which has a negative impact on overall performance of the systems. Inthe embodiments where only a single stream issues from the CTCSS suchsimplified embodiments of the system can have slightly higher orslightly lower performance compared to the two stream embodimentsdepending on design and output specifications. Thus, embodiments of thepresent invention, depending on the choice of the overall working fluidcompositions and desired design and output specification, the systemscan have operate with a single CTCSS stream, two CTCSS streams havingthe same composition, or two CTCSS streams having the differentcompositions. Dual stream embodiments permit vaporization of the CTCSSstream at lower temperature due to the fact that the streams are heatedseparately and then combined under conditions where there is no orsubstantially no change in the temperature of the combined stream andthe parent streams. In dual stream embodiments of the systems of thisinvention, the compositions of these two streams can be designed to meetthe design and output specifications as is well known to ordinaryartisan. These design parameters can be used by an ordinary artisan toconstruct a system of this invention meeting the design goal and desiredperformance standards.

This allows for expansion to occur in the turbines at highertemperatures and therefore increases the total useful power produced perunit of weight of working solution fluid passing through the turbinesub-system.

In an alternate, more elaborate and complicated embodiment of thesystems of the invention, designated SBC-16 and shown in FIG. 2, wherethe turbine sub-system includes an additional lower temperature turbineLPT. This alternate system only slightly out performs the SBC-17.

In this alternate embodiment, the working solution S108 exiting from theICS of the HRVG, having the parameters as at the point 108, is sent intothe low pressure turbine LPT, where it is expanded, producing additionalpower, and forms a spent working solution stream S138 having parametersas at a point 138.

The spent working solution stream 138 is then sent into the CTCSS.

Embodiments Condensation Thermal Compression Subsystem

In certain embodiments, the Condensation Thermal Compression SubsystemCTCSS is a simple condenser, cooled by air or water as opposed to moreelaborate CTCSS, the pressure of the stream S138 having the parametersas at the point 138 would be defined by the required pressure ofcondensation of the chosen working fluid at the temperature of thecooling media in the condenser.

In embodiments of the system using more elaborate CTCSS, the stream S138is sent into the CTCSS, where the remaining thermal energy potential ofthe stream S138 is used to provide for its own condensation at pressuresthat are substantially lower than the pressure that could be achieved ina simple condenser. As a result, the total rate of expansion of theworking fluid is substantially increased, which results in the increasedefficiency of the systems of this invention.

In addition, in the systems of this invention, the CTCSS splits thesingle stream of working solution stream S138 into two streams S29 andS49 having different compositions, which is a unique feature of thisinvention as described above.

Referring FIG. 3, a embodiments of the Condensation Thermal CompressionSubsystem CTCSS, generally CTCSS-28 a, is shown in a flow diagram, whereits components and operational feature are described.

The spent working solution stream S138 having the parameters as at thepoint 138 from either of the system embodiments SBC-17 or SBC-16, which,in most cases, is in a state of superheated vapor, is mixed with a leanliquid stream S71 having parameters as at a point 71 (see below). As aresult of mixing, the composition of the new combined stream S38 havingparameters as at a point 38 is leaner than that of stream S138 havingthe parameters as at the point 138. A flow rate of stream S71 is chosenin such a way that, as a result of the mixing, the resultant stream S38having the parameters as at the point 38 corresponds to a state ofsaturated vapor.

In the case that the vapor stream S138 having the parameters as at thepoint 138 is already in a state of saturated vapor, the flow rate of thestream S71 is equal to 0 and the parameters at points 138 and 38 are thesame.

The stream S38 now enters into a first heat exchange unit HE1, where itis partially condensed, releasing heat for in heat exchange process 11-5or 38-15 (see below) to form a cooled stream S15 having parameters as ata point 15.

At this point, an additional lean liquid stream S8 having parameters asat a point 8 (see below) is mixed with the stream S15 to form a combinedstream S16 parameters as at a point 16. The stream S16 has a larger flowrate than the flow rate of the stream S15. The composition of the streamS16 having the parameters as at the point 16 is substantially leanerthan the stream S15 having the parameters as at the point 15.

The stream S16 now enters into a second heat exchange unit HE2, wherethe stream S16 cooled and condensed, releasing heat in a heat exchangeprocess 12-11 or 16-17 (see below) to form a further cooled stream S17having parameters as at point 17, corresponding to a state of avapor-liquid mixture.

Thereafter, the stream S17 enters into a third heat exchanger HE3, whereit is yet further cooled and condensed, providing heat for heat exchangeprocess 44-14 or 17-18 (see below) to form a stream S18 havingparameters as at a point 18.

The stream S18 is then mixed with a lean liquid stream S41 havingparameters as at a point 41 to form a stream S19 having parameters as ata point 19. The composition of stream S19 is designated as a “basicsolution” composition. The basic solution stream S19 having theparameters as at the point 19 is chosen in such a way that it can befully condensed by an external coolant stream (air or water) at theavailable temperature of the external coolant stream.

The stream S19 now passes through a fourth and final low pressurecondenser HE4, where it is cooled in counter-flow with the externalcoolant stream S52 having parameter as at a point 52 in a heat exchangeprocess 52-53 to form a spent external coolant stream S53 havingparameter as at a point 53 and fully condensed stream S1 havingparameters as at a point 1.

The stream S1 is now sent into a first circulating pump P1, where it ispumped to an intermediate pressure to form a higher pressure basicsolution stream S2 having parameters as at a point 2, corresponding to astate of subcooled liquid.

Thereafter, the stream S2 is mixed with a rich vapor stream S39 havingparameters as at a point 39 (see below) to form a stream S24 havingparameters as at a point 24, referred to as an enriched basic solution.The throttling of the stream S32 to an intermediate pressure followed byits separation in the separator SP3 to form the rich vapor stream S39,which is then used to enrich the basic solution stream S2 to form theenriched basic solution stream S24 is a unique feature of the presentCTCSS.

The stream S24 is now sent into a second circulating pump P4, where itis pumped to a required elevated pressure to form a stream S20 havingparameters as at a point 20, corresponding to a state of subcooledliquid. The pressure of the stream S20 having the parameters as at thepoint 20 is higher than the pressure at which the working solutionstreams circulating through the turbine subsystem of the SBC systemscould be condensed by an external coolant stream at the availabletemperature.

Thereafter, the stream S20 is divided into two substreams S36 and S44having parameters as at points 36 and 44, respectively. The stream S44represents a substantially greater part of a flow of the stream S20,where the term substantially greater part means that the stream S44comprises at least 60% of the stream S20. In other embodiments, thestream S44 comprises at least 70% of the stream S20. In otherembodiments, the stream S44 comprises at least 80% of the stream S20. Inother embodiments, the stream S44 comprises at least 90% of the streamS20.

The stream S44 now enters into the heat exchange unit HE3, where it isheated in counterflow by the condensing stream S17 in the heat exchangeprocess 44-14 and 17-18 to form a stream S14 having parameters as at apoint 14, corresponding to a state of saturated or slightly subcooledliquid (see above).

The stream S14 is now divided into two substreams S22 and S13 havingparameters as at point 22 and 13, respectively.

The stream S22 is then further divided into two more substreams S12 andS21 having parameters as at points 12 and 21, respectively.

The stream S12, which is an enriched basic solution stream, having theparameters as at the point 12 is now sent into the heat exchange unitHE2, where it is heated and partially vaporized in counterflow with thecondensing stream S16 in the heat exchange process 16-17 and 12-11 toform a stream S11 having parameters as at a point 11, corresponding to astate of vapor-liquid mixture (see above).

The stream S11 now enters into the heat exchange unit HE1, where it isfurther heated and vaporized in counterflow by the stream S38 in theheat exchange process 38-15 and 11-5 (see above) to form a stream S5having parameters as at a point 5, corresponding to a state ofvapor-liquid mixture.

The stream S5 is now sent into a gravity separator/flash tank SP1, whereit is separated into a saturated vapor stream S6 having parameters as ata point 6 and a saturated liquid stream S7 having parameters as at spoint 7.

The composition of the saturated vapor stream S6 having the parametersas at the point 6 is substantially richer than the composition of thestream S5 having the parameters as at the point 5, and likewisesubstantially richer than the composition of the working solutioncirculating through the turbines of the SBC system—the composition ofthe working solution stream S138 having the parameters as at the point138.

The composition of the saturated liquid stream S7 having the parametersas at the point 7 is, to the contrary, substantially leaner than thecomposition of the stream S5 having the parameters as at the point 5.

The lean saturated liquid stream S7 having the parameters as at thepoint 7 is now divided into two substreams S70 and S4 having parametersas at points 70 and 4, respectively.

The stream S70 is now sent into a throttle value TV7, where its pressureis reduced to a pressure equal to the pressure of the working solutionstream S138 having the parameters as at the point 138 to form a streamS71 having the parameters as at a point 71. The stream S71 is now mixedwith the stream S138, reducing its temperature and forming the saturatedvapor stream S38 having parameters as at the point 38 (see above).

Meanwhile, the saturated vapor stream S6 having the parameters as at thepoint 6 (coming from the gravity separator SP1) is sent into a lowerport LP of a scrubber (direct contact heat exchanger) SC1.

At the same time, the stream S21 (see above) passes through a throttlevalve TV6, where its pressure is slightly reduced to form a stream S10having parameters as at a point 10. The stream S10 is now sent into anupper port UP of the scrubber SC1.

The vapor stream S6 and the liquid stream S10 move through the scrubberSC1 in counterflow to each other. As a result of interaction betweenstreams S6 and S10, a further-enriched saturated vapor stream S30 havingparameters as at a point 30 is removed from a top port TP of thescrubber SC1. At the same time, a saturated liquid stream S35 havingparameters as at a point 35 is removed from a bottom port of thescrubber SC1.

The stream S35 is now combined with the stream S4, forming a lean liquidstream S9 having parameters as at a point 9. The stream S9 is then sentinto a throttle value TV1, where its pressure is reduced to form apressure adjusted stream S8 having parameters as at a point 8. Thepressure and temperature of the stream S8 having the parameters as atthe point 8 are equal to the pressure and temperature of the stream S15having the parameters as at the point 15 (see above). The streams S8 andS15 are then combined to form the stream S16 (see above).

At the same time, the stream S13 (see above) is sent into a throttlevalve TV2, where its pressure is reduced to an intermediate pressure toform a stream S43 having parameters as at a point 43, corresponding to astate of a liquid-vapor mixture.

The stream S43 now enters into a second gravity separator SP2, where itis separated into a saturated vapor stream S34 having parameters as at apoint 34, and a saturated liquid stream S32 having parameters as at apoint 32.

Concurrently, the enriched basic solution stream S36 having theparameters as at the point 36 (see above) is sent into a throttle valveTV5, where its pressure is reduced to a pressures equal to a pressure ofthe stream S34 having parameters as at the point 34 to form a stream S31having parameters as at a point 31, corresponding to a state ofliquid-vapor mixture. The stream S31 is now combined with the stream S34to form a stream S3 having parameters as at a point 3.

The pressure and composition of the stream S3 having the parameter as atthe point 3 are such that stream S3 can be fully condensed with theavailable external coolant.

The stream S3 is now sent into an intermediate pressure condenser HE7,where it is cooled in counterflow and fully condensed by an externalcoolant stream S56 in a heat exchange process 56-57 and 3-23 to form S23having parameters as at a point 23. A flow rate and composition of thestream S23 are such that if it would be combined with the vapor streamS30 having with parameters as at a point 30, it would form a stream withthe same composition and flow rate as the incoming working solutionstream S138 having the parameters as at the point 138.

Meanwhile, the stream S30 exiting from the top port TP of the scrubberSC1 is sent though a fifth heat exchange unit HE5, where it is cooledand partially condensed to form a stream S25 having parameters as at apoint 25.

At the same time, the stream S23 is sent into a circulating pump P2,where its pressure is increased to a pressure equal to the pressure ofthe stream S25 having the parameter as at the point 25 to form a streamS40 having parameters as at a point 40.

Stream 40 is now divided into two substreams, with parameters as atpoints 45 and 46.

The stream S45 is now combined with the stream S25 to form a stream S26having parameters as at a point 26. The composition of the stream S26having the parameters as at the point 26 is equal to the composition ofthe rich working solution stream S29 that will be sent into the SBCsystems and, after pressurization, into the HRVG.

Thereafter, the stream S26 is sent into a high pressure final condenserHE6, where it is cooled and fully condensed in counterflow by anexternal coolant stream S54 in a heat exchange process 54-55 and 26-27to form a stream S27 having the parameters as at the point 27.

Stream 27 is then sent into a booster pump, P3, where its pressure isincreased, obtaining parameters as at point 28, corresponding to a stateof subcooled liquid.

The rich solution stream S28 now passes through the heat exchange unitHE5, where it is heated by the condensing stream S30 in the heatexchange process 30-25 (see above) to form the stream S29 having theparameters as at the point 29. The stream S29 is now sent into the SBCsystems.

Meanwhile, the stream S46 is sent into a booster pump P5, where itspressure is increased to an elevated pressure to form a stream S48having parameters as at a point 48. The stream S48 is then sent into theheat exchange unit HE5, where it is heated in counterflow by thecondensing stream S30 in the heat exchange process 30-25 (see above) toform the stream S49 having the parameters as at the point 49. The streamS49 is now sent into the SBC systems.

Meanwhile, the liquid stream S32 having the parameters as at the point32 exiting the separator SP2 is sent into a throttle valve TV3, whereits pressure is reduced to form a stream S42 having parameters as at apoint 42, which corresponds to a state of vapor-liquid mixture.

The stream S42 is now sent into the gravity separator SP3, where it isseparated into a saturated vapor stream S39 having parameters as at apoint 39 and a saturated liquid stream S47 having parameters as at apoint 47.

The stream S39 is now mixed with the stream S2 (see above) is fullyabsorbed by the stream S2 (which is subcooled liquid basic solutionstream) to form the enriched solution stream S24 having parameters as atthe point 24 (see above).

The liquid stream S47 exiting the separator SP3 meanwhile is sent into athrottle valve TV4, where its pressure is reduced to form S41 havingparameters as at a point 41. The stream S41 is then combined with thestream S18 to form a basic solution stream S19 having parameters as at apoint 19 (see above).

In the present embodiment, an external coolant stream S50 (coolant; airand/or water) having initial parameters as at a point 50 is sent into apump P7, where its pressure is increased to form an higher pressurestream S51 having parameters as at a point 51. In the case that thecoolant is air, the pump P7 is a fan F.

The stream S51 is then divided into three parallel streams S52, S54 andS56 having parameters as at point 52, 54 and 56, respectively. Thestreams S52, S54 and S56 are then sent into heat exchangers HE4, HE7 andHE6, respectively, (as described above). Of course, it should berecognized that the stream S52, S54 and S56 may be derived from separatecoolant stream and may be separately pressurized.

The throttling of the liquid stream S32, and then the sending of theresultant stream S42 into the separator SP3 in order to produce a vaporstream S39 having parameters as at a point 39 allows for the enrichmentof the basic solution, which in its turn allows for the initial basicsolution to be made leaner. As a result, the pressure at which the basicsolution can be condensed becomes lower, and, therefore, the backpressure to which the working fluid can be expanded in the turbinesbecomes lower as well, increasing the output and efficiency of thesystem.

The embodiment CTCSS-28 a also provides for the division of the exitingworking fluid into two substreams, which allows the reduction of theaverage temperature at which the working fluid is converted from liquidto vapor in the HRVG (as described above).

Components

In the standard embodiment of a bottoming cycle for combined cycleunits, the boiler (i.e., HRVG or HRSG) generally comprises a heatexchanger through which tubes pass in an “S” or serpentine-like pattern.As a result, heat transfer from the flue gas to the working fluid occursin a counter-cross flow. Tubes through which the working fluid movesthrough the HRVG or HRSG form rows.

In the systems of this invention, in the preheater section (PHS) of theHRVG, there are two upcoming streams or fluid flows, a rich solutionstream S100 and a lean solution stream S120. In certain embodiments ofthe PHS of the HRVG, each row of tubes comprises separate tubes for therich solution stream and separate tubes for the lean solution stream,placed intermittently in the row.

In the intercooler section (ICS) of the HRVG, there are two subsections;the lower temperature portion of the ICS, where the rich and leansolution streams move in separate tubes, and the higher temperatureportion, where the rich and lean solution streams have been combinedinto single stream in combined tubes. In addition, the ICS of the HRVGalso contains the tubes through which the intercooled stream S107 flows.

Therefore, each row of tubes in the lower temperature ICS comprisesthree kinds of tubes: (1) one set of tubes through which the higherpressure, rich solution stream S100 flows counter-crosswise to the flowof flue gas stream S600, (2) one set of tubes through which the higherpressure, lean solution stream S120 flows counter-crosswise to the flowof flue gas stream S600, and (3) one set of tubes though which theintercooling working fluid stream S107 moves parallel-crosswise to theflow of the flue gas S600.

In the higher temperature portion of the ICS of the HRVG, each row oftubes comprises two sets of tubes: high pressure tubes in which theworking solution stream S111 flows counter-crosswise to the flow of fluegas S600, and low pressure tubes through which the intercooling workingsolution stream S107 flows parallel-crosswise to the flow of the fluegas S600.

In the CTCSS, the heat exchange units HE1, HE2, HE3 and HE4 may bearranged as a single combined heat exchanger with four sections throughwhich the condensing stream passes through the shell and the upcomingheated streams move through their respective tube coils or flowpassages. Moreover, the heat exchange units HE5 and HE6 of the CTCSS mayalso be arranged as a single heat exchanger with two sections.

Comparison of Performance of Embodiments SBC-17 and SBC-16

A comparison of the performance of the SBC-17 and SBC-16 are presentedin Table I and Table II. Table I tabulates the performancecharacteristics of SBC-17 using GE 9FB 53.5F 0.91 turbines, while TableII tabulates the performance characteristics of SBC-16 using GE 9FB53.5F 0.91 turbines.

TABLE I SBC-17/CTCSS K28a Plant Performance Summary Working Fluid:Ammonia/Water SBC-17 GE 9FB 53.5F 0.91 Heat in 447,199.80 kW 1,325.39Btu/lb Heat rejected 262,630.03 kW 778.37 Btu/lb Turbine enthalpy Drops190,701.07 kW 565.19 Btu/lb Gross Generator Power 188,794.05 kW 559.54Btu/lb Process Pumps (−17.94) −6,070.81 kW −17.99 Btu/lb Cycle Output182,723.24 kW 541.54 Btu/lb Other Pumps and Fans −2,383.10 kW −7.06Btu/lb (−7.13) Net Output 180,340.14 kW 534.48 Btu/lb Gross GeneratorPower 188,794.05 kW 559.54 Btu/lb Cycle Output 182,723.24 kW 541.54Btu/lb Net Electrical Output 180,340.14 kW 534.48 Btu/lb Net ElectricalEfficiency 40.33% Second Law Limit 49.79% 2nd Law Electrical Efficiency80.99% LHV Heat Avail (@ 59 F.) 464,234.81 kW 1,375.87 Btu/lb LHVElectrical Efficiency 38.85% Overall Heat Balance (Btu/lb) Heat In:Source + pumps = 1,325.39 + 17.94 = 1,343.33 Heat Out: Turbines +condenser = 565.19 + 778.37 + 0.00 = 1,343.56

TABLE II SBC-16/CTCSS K28a Plant Performance Summary Working Fluid:Ammonia/Water SBC-16 GE 9FB 53.5 F Heat In 448,521.96 kW 1,274.90 Btu/lbHeat Rejected 262,897.03 kW 747.27 Btu/lb Turbine enthalpy Drops191,929.76 kW 545.55 Btu/lb Gross Generator Power 190,010.47 kW 540.09Btu/lb Process Pumps (−17.79) −6,275.91 kW −17.84 Btu/lb Cycle Output183,734.55 kW 522.25 Btu/lb Other Pumps and Fans −2,392.30 kW −6.80Btu/lb (−6.87) Net Output 181,342.25 kW 515.45 Btu/lb Gross GeneratorPower 190,010.47 kW 540.09 Btu/lb Cycle Output 183,734.55 kW 522.25Btu/lb Net Electrical Output 181,342.25 kW 515.45 Btu/lb Net ElectricalEfficiency 40.43% Second Law Limit 49.67% 2nd Law Electrical Efficiency81.40% LHV Heat Avail (@ 59 F.) 464,234.81 kW 1,319.56 Btu/lb LHVElectrical Efficiency 39.06% Overall Heat Balance (Btu/lb) Heat In:Source + pumps = 1,274.90 + 17.79 = 1,292.69 Heat Out: Turbines +condenser = 545.55 + 747.27 + 0.00 = 1,292.82

Performance

The systems of this invention provides for superior efficiency ascompared to the prior art (prior SBC & CTCSS patents of the inventorU.S. Pat. Nos. 7,043,919 and 7,197,876) and can attain very highefficiencies. The computations shows that the 2nd Law Efficiency of thesystems of the invention exceeds 80% (80.99% for SBC-17 and 81.40% forSBC-16). Thermal efficiency of the bottoming cycle embodiments of thesystem of this invention exceeds 40% as compared with 35% for a Rankinecycle.

As a result, the overall efficiency of a combined cycle that utilizedthe systems of this invention (assuming current, conventional gasturbines) is as high as 63.5% as compared with an overall efficiency ofa combined cycle with a Rankine bottoming cycle of at best 59%.

Point Parameter Comparison of Embodiments SBC-17 and SBC-16

Table III tabulates the parameters of the SBC-17 embodiment of thesystem of this invention, while Table IV tabulates the parameters of theSBC-16 embodiment of the system of this invention.

TABLE III SBC-17/CTCSS K28a System Point Summary Working Fluid:Ammonia/Water SBC-17 GE 9FB 53.5 F. 0.91 Working Fluid X T P H S Ex G *rel G * abs Wetness Pt. lb/lb ° F. psia Btu/lb Btu/lb-R Btu/lb G/G = 1lb/h Ph. lb/lb/T ° F. 1 0.5253 60.59 38.116 −77.6134 0.0024 0.91026.40627 7,380,437 Mix 1 2 0.5253 60.68 49.106 −77.4807 0.0026 0.95016.40627 7,380,437 Liq −12.63° F. 3 0.6882 86.84 68.919 149.7507 0.405120.1360 0.50701 584,106 Mix 0.6838 4 0.3183 181.09 99.816 65.8367 0.241519.4376 0.82556 951,102 Mix 1 5 0.5341 181.09 99.816 265.2364 0.581043.7104 1.36455 1,572,055 Mix 0.6582 6 0.9494 181.09 99.816 649.14081.2347 90.4429 0.46647 537,399 Mix 0 7 0.3183 181.09 99.816 65.83670.2415 19.4376 0.89809 1,034,655 Mix 1 8 0.3187 138.69 38.416 65.60290.2452 17.2754 0.98538 1,135,223 Mix 0.9355 9 0.3187 180.93 99.81665.6030 0.2412 19.3665 0.98538 1,135,223 Mix 1 10 0.5341 111.22 99.316−18.3940 0.1098 4.4754 0.18634 214,680 Mix 0.9966 11 0.5341 132.55101.316 84.9736 0.2876 15.6423 1.36455 1,572,055 Mix 0.861 12 0.5341112.96 102.816 −18.3940 0.1098 4.4907 1.36455 1,572,055 Mix 1 13 0.5341112.96 102.816 −18.3940 0.1098 4.4907 4.63800 5,343,278 Mix 1 14 0.5341112.96 102.816 −18.3940 0.1098 4.4907 6.18890 7,130,013 Mix 1 15 0.8047138.69 38.416 501.6982 1.0687 28.4139 1.07252 1,235,618 Mix 0.2163 160.5720 138.69 38.416 292.8840 0.6744 23.0805 2.05791 2,370,841 Mix0.5606 17 0.5720 118.11 38.266 224.3432 0.5580 14.8966 2.05791 2,370,841Mix 0.6268 18 0.5720 79.80 38.166 83.9832 0.3064 5.0668 2.057912,370,841 Mix 0.7785 19 0.5253 71.49 38.166 −12.4770 0.1264 1.75926.40627 7,380,437 Mix 0.9157 20 0.5341 71.40 105.816 −65.0659 0.02521.7106 6.52713 7,519,682 Liq −43.36° F. 21 0.5341 112.96 102.816−18.3940 0.1098 4.4907 0.18634 214,680 Mix 1 22 0.5341 112.96 102.816−18.3940 0.1098 4.4907 1.55090 1,786,735 Mix 1 23 0.6882 60.59 68.869−57.7562 0.0143 15.3358 0.50701 584,106 Mix 1 24 0.5341 71.22 49.106−65.3953 0.0249 1.5009 6.52713 7,519,682 Liq −0.02° F. 25 0.9962 66.1199.116 543.3794 1.0572 76.9414 0.49299 567,959 Mix 0.0214 26 0.910077.22 99.116 375.2771 0.7659 59.5174 0.68447 788,554 Mix 0.3149 270.9100 60.59 99.066 1.4420 0.0536 55.1598 0.68447 788,554 Mix 1 280.9100 61.11 243.226 2.2971 0.0540 55.8125 0.68447 788,554 Liq −54.5° F.29 0.9100 79.78 240.226 23.4930 0.0940 56.2554 0.68447 788,554 Liq−34.98° F. 30 0.9962 112.22 99.316 586.3851 1.1356 79.2986 0.49299567,959 Mix 0 31 0.5341 71.48 68.919 −65.0659 0.0254 1.5792 0.33824389,669 Liq −17.95° F. 32 0.5166 93.75 68.919 −41.0012 0.0710 1.90904.46923 5,148,841 Mix 1 34 0.9970 93.75 68.919 580.2629 1.1650 57.89100.16877 194,437 Mix 0 35 0.3209 180.09 99.816 64.3953 0.2396 19.00090.15982 184,121 Mix 1 36 0.5341 71.40 105.816 −65.0659 0.0252 1.71060.33824 389,669 Liq −43.36° F. 38 0.8047 186.09 38.566 731.0433 1.435067.7676 1.07252 1,235,618 Vap 0° F. 39 0.9974 78.78 49.106 575.15641.1936 37.9735 0.12087 139,245 Mix 0 40 0.6882 60.73 99.116 −57.52980.0145 15.4547 0.50701 584,106 Liq −20.1° F. 41 0.5032 68.34 38.166−58.1277 0.0408 0.3820 4.34836 5,009,595 Mix 0.9818 42 0.5166 78.7849.106 −41.0012 0.0717 1.5686 4.46923 5,148,841 Mix 0.973 43 0.534193.75 68.919 −18.3940 0.1108 3.9461 4.63800 5,343,278 Mix 0.9636 440.5341 71.40 105.816 −65.0659 0.0252 1.7106 6.18890 7,130,013 Liq−43.36° F. 45 0.6882 60.73 99.116 −57.5298 0.0145 15.4547 0.19148220,595 Liq −20.1° F. 46 0.6882 60.73 99.116 −57.5298 0.0145 15.45470.31553 363,511 Liq −20.1° F. 47 0.5032 78.78 49.106 −58.1277 0.04050.5567 4.34836 5,009,595 Mix 1 48 0.6882 61.09 243.226 −56.7999 0.014816.0201 0.31553 363,511 Liq −78.62° F. 49 0.6882 79.78 240.226 −35.58640.0549 16.4644 0.31553 363,511 Liq −59° F. 70 0.3183 181.09 99.81665.8367 0.2415 19.4376 0.07252 83,553 Mix 1 71 0.3183 139.00 38.56665.8368 0.2455 17.3624 0.07252 83,553 Mix 0.9357 86 0.9962 66.11 99.116543.3794 1.0572 76.9414 0.15564 179,310 Mix 0.0214 87 0.9962 66.1199.116 543.3794 1.0572 76.9414 0.33735 388,648 Mix 0.0214 88 0.9962112.22 99.316 586.3851 1.1356 79.2986 0.15564 179,310 Mix 0 89 0.9962112.22 99.316 586.3851 1.1356 79.2986 0.33735 388,648 Mix 0 100 0.910088.64 3,060.000 38.3703 0.0975 69.2850 0.68447 788,554 Liq −286.26° F.101 0.9100 270.17 3,025.000 258.2804 0.4425 110.2720 0.68447 788,554 Liq−131.17° F. 102 0.8400 572.86 2,975.000 802.2562 1.0834 321.5111 1.000001,152,065 Pcr 103 0.8400 681.71 2,935.000 908.2607 1.1824 376.16721.00000 1,152,065 Pcr 104 0.8400 1,087.82 2,900.000 1,242.9682 1.4350579.8598 1.00000 1,152,065 Pcr 105 0.8400 1,087.00 400.447 1,276.77931.6821 485.5114 1.00000 1,152,065 Vap 779.1° F. 106 0.8400 681.71421.523 989.5644 1.4616 312.6596 1.00000 1,152,065 Pcr 107 0.8400 624.8640.596 964.9940 1.7075 160.5648 1.00000 1,152,065 Pcr 108 0.8400 307.1938.566 779.2874 1.5115 76.5033 1.00000 1,152,065 Vap 128.8° F. 1090.8400 1,087.00 2,850.000 1,242.9682 1.4370 578.8525 1.00000 1,152,065Pcr 110 0.8400 354.07 38.866 805.2671 1.5435 85.8892 1.00000 1,152,065Vap 175.3° F. 111 0.8400 402.03 3,002.031 495.8202 0.7528 186.56011.00000 1,152,065 Pcr 112 0.9100 402.03 3,002.031 543.2084 0.7978210.9407 0.68447 788,554 Pcr 113 0.9100 98.58 3,065.000 49.4946 0.117670.0021 0.68447 788,554 Liq −277.73° F. 114 0.9100 324.07 3,018.021344.8500 0.5568 137.5598 0.68447 788,554 Liq −12.59° F. 115 0.8400457.21 39.493 864.0312 1.6096 110.3559 1.00000 1,152,065 Vap 277.7° F.120 0.6882 85.67 3,060.000 −22.7316 0.0580 27.7107 0.31553 363,511 Liq−344.44° F. 121 0.6882 270.17 3,025.000 195.9425 0.4026 67.6392 0.31553363,511 Liq −141.39° F. 122 0.6882 402.03 3,002.031 393.0224 0.6496136.6015 0.31553 363,511 Liq −51.23° F. 123 0.6882 98.58 3,065.000−8.1170 0.0844 28.6170 0.31553 363,511 Liq −351.86° F. 124 0.6882 324.073,018.021 267.7552 0.4975 90.2164 0.31553 363,511 Liq −130.95° F. 1290.9100 79.78 240.226 23.4930 0.0940 56.2554 0.68447 788,554 Liq −34.98°F. 138 0.8400 307.19 38.566 779.2874 1.5115 76.5033 1.00000 1,152,065Vap 128.8° F. 149 0.6882 79.78 240.226 −35.5864 0.0549 16.4644 0.31553363,511 Liq −59° F. X T P H S Ex G rel G abs Wetness Pt. lb/lb ° F. psiaBtu/lb Btu/lb-R Btu/lb G/G = 1 lb/h Ph. lb/lb/T ° F. Heat Source 600 GAS1,187.00 16.137 371.0954 0.4677 149.2063 4.56506 5,259,240 Vap 1071.7°F. 601 GAS 1,187.00 16.137 371.0954 0.4677 149.2063 2.45683 2,830,429Vap 1071.7° F. 602 GAS 1,187.00 16.137 371.0954 0.4677 149.2063 2.108222,428,811 Vap 1071.7° F. 603 GAS 696.71 15.811 234.8599 0.3711 63.07324.56506 5,259,240 Vap 582.2° F. 605 GAS 696.71 15.811 234.8599 0.371163.0732 2.45683 2,830,429 Vap 582.2° F. 606 GAS 696.71 15.811 234.85990.3711 63.0732 2.10822 2,428,811 Vap 582.2° F. 607 GAS 609.86 15.753211.6391 0.3505 50.5453 4.56506 5,259,240 Vap 495.4° F. 608 GAS 292.1915.541 128.8496 0.2597 14.8498 4.56506 5,259,240 Vap 178.2° F. 609 GAS112.28 15.415 80.7625 0.1867 4.6460 4.56506 5,259,240 Mix 0.0023 610 GAS339.07 15.565 140.8812 0.2751 18.8860 6.80817 7,843,457 Vap 225.1° F.611 GAS 609.86 15.753 211.6391 0.3505 50.5453 6.80817 7,843,457 Vap495.4° F. 612 GAS 292.19 15.541 128.8496 0.2597 14.8498 6.808177,843,457 Vap 178.2° F. 613 GAS 113.68 15.422 83.4406 0.1913 4.91484.56506 5,259,240 Vap 0° F. 615 GAS 438.63 15.629 166.6291 0.305229.0280 6.80817 7,843,457 Vap 324.5° F. 616 GAS 112.28 15.415 80.75320.1867 4.6501 4.55532 5,248,023 Mix 0 617 Water 112.28 1.363 80.35050.1514 2.5639 0.00974 11,217 Mix 1 618 GAS 112.28 15.415 80.7532 0.18674.6501 4.55532 5,248,023 Mix 0 621 GAS 609.86 15.753 211.6391 0.350550.5453 2.24312 2,584,217 Vap 495.4° F. 622 GAS 292.19 15.541 128.84960.2597 14.8498 2.24312 2,584,217 Vap 178.2° F. Coolant 50 Water 53.5014.693 21.6278 0.0430 0.0723 61.9876 71,413,767 Liq −158.45° F. 51 Water53.59 24.693 21.7429 0.0431 0.1011 61.9876 71,413,767 Liq −185.77° F. 52Water 53.59 24.693 21.7429 0.0431 0.1011 32.3751 37,298,157 Liq −185.77°F. 53 Water 66.49 14.693 34.6319 0.0680 0.0965 32.3751 37,298,157 Liq−145.46° F. 54 Water 53.59 24.693 21.7429 0.0431 0.1011 25.057728,868,123 Liq −185.77° F. 55 Water 63.81 14.693 31.9545 0.0629 0.065125.0577 28,868,123 Liq −148.14° F. 56 Water 53.59 24.693 21.7429 0.04310.1011 4.55485 5,247,488 Liq −185.77° F. 57 Water 76.70 14.693 44.84080.0872 0.3383 4.55485 5,247,488 Liq −135.25° F. 58 Water 66.16 14.69334.2997 0.0674 0.0919 61.9876 71,413,767 Liq −145.79° F. 60 Water 0.0014.693 33.4637 0.0000 0.0000 57.4328 66,166,280 Mix 0

TABLE IV SBC-16/CTCSS K28a System Point Summary Working Fluid:Ammonia/Water SBC-16 GE 9FB 53.5 F. X P H S Ex G rel G abs Wetness Pt.lb/lb psia Btu/lb Btu/lb-R Btu/lb G/G = 1 lb/h Ph. lb/lb/T ° F. WorkingFluid T ° F. 1 0.5349 60.59 39.890 −77.1821 0.0025 1.3525 6.326977,600,150 Mix 1 2 0.5349 60.68 50.184 −77.0521 0.0027 1.3901 6.326977,600,150 Liq −11.48° F. 3 0.6841 84.45 68.209 134.5771 0.3780 18.99550.50131 602,190 Mix 0.7051 4 0.3155 179.49 95.924 64.4458 0.2390 19.34770.80594 968,122 Mix 1 5 0.5428 179.49 95.924 274.1640 0.5977 44.02441.31137 1,575,256 Mix 0.6412 6 0.9490 179.49 95.924 648.8798 1.238688.1157 0.47057 565,265 Mix 0 7 0.3155 179.49 95.924 64.4458 0.239019.3477 0.84080 1,009,991 Mix 1 8 0.3159 140.82 40.190 64.2102 0.242017.5324 0.96253 1,156,221 Mix 0.9411 9 0.3159 179.33 95.924 64.21020.2387 19.2758 0.96253 1,156,221 Mix 1 10 0.5428 106.62 95.424 −22.97180.1011 4.4426 0.18471 221,875 Mix 0.9965 11 0.5428 135.42 97.424114.6323 0.3383 19.0182 1.31137 1,575,256 Mix 0.8172 12 0.5428 108.4298.924 −22.9718 0.1011 4.4582 1.31137 1,575,256 Mix 1 13 0.5428 108.4298.924 −22.9718 0.1011 4.4582 4.59563 5,520,414 Mix 1 14 0.5428 108.4298.924 −22.9718 0.1011 4.4582 6.09171 7,317,545 Mix 1 15 0.8223 140.8240.190 519.0169 1.0969 31.1840 1.03486 1,243,100 Mix 0.1899 16 0.5783140.82 40.190 299.8478 0.6850 24.6053 1.99739 2,399,321 Mix 0.5519 170.5783 113.57 40.040 209.5049 0.5312 14.0222 1.99739 2,399,321 Mix0.6401 18 0.5783 78.90 39.940 79.4949 0.2970 5.4960 1.99739 2,399,321Mix 0.7837 19 0.5349 70.52 39.940 −15.8295 0.1193 2.0991 6.326977,600,150 Mix 0.9194 20 0.5428 70.49 101.924 −65.6002 0.0234 2.11676.43718 7,732,542 Liq −39.78° F. 21 0.5428 108.42 98.924 −22.9718 0.10114.4582 0.18471 221,875 Mix 1 22 0.5428 108.42 98.924 −22.9718 0.10114.4582 1.49607 1,797,131 Mix 1 23 0.6841 60.59 68.159 −58.5412 0.013814.8149 0.50131 602,190 Mix 1 24 0.5428 70.32 50.184 −65.9092 0.02321.9248 6.43718 7,732,542 Liq −0.02° F. 25 0.9967 66.06 95.274 547.43651.0689 74.9371 0.49869 599,041 Mix 0.0157 26 0.8750 76.53 95.274311.5862 0.6585 51.3753 0.81664 980,976 Mix 0.4197 27 0.8750 60.5995.224 −9.5830 0.0471 47.3390 0.81664 980,976 Mix 1 28 0.8750 61.06232.688 −8.7809 0.0475 47.9468 0.81664 980,976 Liq −54.26° F. 29 0.875077.13 229.688 9.4597 0.0820 48.2811 0.81664 980,976 Liq −37.31° F. 300.9967 107.62 95.424 584.0037 1.1357 76.8310 0.49869 599,041 Mix 0 310.5428 70.56 68.209 −65.6002 0.0237 1.9960 0.34548 414,997 Liq −16.21°F. 32 0.5269 90.60 68.209 −44.0781 0.0648 2.1141 4.43980 5,333,221 Mix 134 0.9974 90.60 68.209 578.3596 1.1627 57.1947 0.15583 187,193 Mix 0 350.3181 178.49 95.924 62.9979 0.2370 18.9081 0.15659 188,099 Mix 1 360.5428 70.49 101.924 −65.6002 0.0234 2.1167 0.34548 414,997 Liq −39.78°F. 38 0.8223 184.49 40.340 721.1754 1.4199 65.8197 1.03486 1,243,100 Vap0° F. 39 0.9978 76.98 50.184 573.7660 1.1886 39.2012 0.11021 132,392 Mix0 40 0.6841 60.72 95.274 −58.3295 0.0140 14.9213 0.50131 602,190 Liq−18.39° F. 41 0.5149 67.42 39.940 −59.8059 0.0370 0.7244 4.329585,200,830 Mix 0.9831 42 0.5269 76.98 50.184 −44.0781 0.0653 1.82604.43980 5,333,221 Mix 0.9752 43 0.5428 90.60 68.209 −22.9718 0.10203.9818 4.59563 5,520,414 Mix 0.9661 44 0.5428 70.49 101.924 −65.60020.0234 2.1167 6.09171 7,317,545 Liq −39.78° F. 45 0.6841 60.72 95.274−58.3295 0.0140 14.9213 0.31795 381,935 Liq −18.39° F. 46 0.6841 60.7295.274 −58.3295 0.0140 14.9213 0.18336 220,254 Liq −18.39° F. 47 0.514976.98 50.184 −59.8059 0.0367 0.8746 4.32958 5,200,830 Mix 1 48 0.684161.06 232.688 −57.6311 0.0143 15.4592 0.18336 220,254 Liq −76.02° F. 490.6841 77.13 229.688 −39.4176 0.0488 15.7943 0.18336 220,254 Liq −59.01°F. 70 0.3155 179.49 95.924 64.4458 0.2390 19.3477 0.03486 41,869 Mix 171 0.3155 141.13 40.340 64.4458 0.2423 17.6181 0.03486 41,869 Mix 0.941386 0.9967 66.06 95.274 547.4365 1.0689 74.9371 0.09133 109,705 Mix0.0157 87 0.9967 66.06 95.274 547.4365 1.0689 74.9371 0.40736 489,336Mix 0.0157 88 0.9967 107.62 95.424 584.0037 1.1357 76.8310 0.09133109,705 Mix 0 89 0.9967 107.62 95.424 584.0037 1.1357 76.8310 0.40736489,336 Mix 0 100 0.8750 85.33 3,060.000 23.9892 0.0855 60.9946 0.81664980,976 Liq −321.64° F. 101 0.8750 251.77 3,025.000 221.7558 0.401494.9272 0.81664 980,976 Liq −110.56° F. 102 0.8400 542.54 2,975.000768.2831 1.0500 304.8635 1.00000 1,201,231 Pcr 103 0.8400 763.352,935.000 978.2536 1.2417 415.4298 1.00000 1,201,231 Pcr 104 0.84001,087.82 2,900.000 1,242.9682 1.4350 579.8598 1.00000 1,201,231 Pcr 1050.8400 1,087.00 612.048 1,273.8240 1.6315 508.8217 1.00000 1,201,231 Vap750.6° F. 106 0.8400 763.35 644.261 1,038.7373 1.4554 365.0527 1.000001,201,231 Pcr 107 0.8400 614.85 59.315 958.1267 1.6574 179.6671 1.000001,201,231 Pcr 108 0.8400 292.55 56.349 769.6866 1.4556 95.9312 1.000001,201,231 Vap 96.3° F. 109 0.8400 1,087.00 2,850.000 1,242.9682 1.4370578.8525 1.00000 1,201,231 Pcr 110 0.8400 355.98 56.933 805.0788 1.4995108.5070 1.00000 1,201,231 Vap 159.2° F. 111 0.8400 406.56 2,998.239509.3456 0.7685 191.9405 1.00000 1,201,231 Pcr 112 0.8750 406.562,998.239 533.7997 0.7922 204.2431 0.81664 980,976 Pcr 113 0.8750 98.683,065.000 38.9575 0.1126 61.9106 0.81664 980,976 Liq −272.45° F. 1140.8750 325.97 3,015.561 331.8197 0.5483 128.8072 0.81664 980,976 Liq−42.96° F. 115 0.8400 469.53 57.933 870.3169 1.5724 135.9579 1.000001,201,231 Vap 271.9° F. 120 0.6841 82.95 3,060.000 −26.5730 0.051927.0238 0.18336 220,254 Liq −348.97° F. 121 0.6841 251.77 3,025.000171.8327 0.3697 60.5604 0.18336 220,254 Liq −162.18° F. 122 0.6841406.56 2,998.239 400.4312 0.6586 139.3539 0.18336 220,254 Liq −47.19° F.123 0.6841 98.68 3,065.000 −8.7957 0.0841 28.0688 0.18336 220,254 Liq−358.88° F. 124 0.6841 325.97 3,015.561 269.4418 0.5002 90.5113 0.18336220,254 Liq −77.99° F. 129 0.8750 77.13 229.688 9.4597 0.0820 48.28110.81664 980,976 Liq −37.31° F. 138 0.8400 243.00 40.340 744.0660 1.458468.8240 1.00000 1,201,231 Vap 62.5° F. 149 0.6841 77.13 229.688 −39.41760.0488 15.7943 0.18336 220,254 Liq −59.01° F. Heat Source T F. 600 GAS1,187.00 16.137 371.0954 0.4677 149.2063 4.37821 5,259,240 Vap 1071.7°F. 601 GAS 1,187.00 16.137 371.0954 0.4677 149.2063 2.31887 2,785,502Vap 1071.7° F. 602 GAS 1,187.00 16.137 371.0954 0.4677 149.2063 2.059342,473,738 Vap 1071.7° F. 603 GAS 778.35 15.865 256.9389 0.3893 75.70854.37821 5,259,240 Vap 663.7° F. 605 GAS 778.35 15.865 256.9389 0.389375.7085 2.31887 2,785,502 Vap 663.7° F. 606 GAS 778.35 15.865 256.93890.3893 75.7085 2.05934 2,473,738 Vap 663.7° F. 607 GAS 599.85 15.746208.9808 0.3480 49.1668 4.37821 5,259,240 Vap 485.4° F. 608 GAS 277.5515.531 125.1015 0.2547 13.6900 4.37821 5,259,240 Vap 163.6° F. 609 GAS111.83 15.415 79.9041 0.1852 4.5662 4.37821 5,259,240 Mix 0.003 610 GAS340.98 15.566 141.3708 0.2757 19.0609 6.62477 7,957,881 Vap 227° F. 611GAS 599.85 15.746 208.9808 0.3480 49.1668 6.62477 7,957,881 Vap 485.4°F. 612 GAS 277.55 15.531 125.1015 0.2547 13.6900 6.62477 7,957,881 Vap163.6° F. 613 GAS 113.68 15.422 83.4406 0.1913 4.9148 4.37821 5,259,240Vap 0° F. 615 GAS 451.18 15.637 169.8945 0.3088 30.4399 6.624777,957,881 Vap 337° F. 616 GAS 111.83 15.415 79.8910 0.1852 4.57164.36588 5,244,425 Mix 0 617 Water 111.83 1.346 79.8999 0.1506 2.52200.01233 14,815 Mix 1 618 GAS 111.83 15.415 79.8910 0.1852 4.5716 4.365885,244,425 Mix 0 621 GAS 599.85 15.746 208.9808 0.3480 49.1668 2.246562,698,641 Vap 485.4° F. 622 GAS 277.55 15.531 125.1015 0.2547 13.69002.24656 2,698,641 Vap 163.6° F. Coolant T ° F. 50 Water 53.50 14.69321.6278 0.0430 0.0723 59.6800 71,689,463 Liq −158.45° F. 51 Water 53.5924.693 21.7429 0.0431 0.1011 59.6800 71,689,463 Liq −185.77° F. 52 Water53.59 24.693 21.7429 0.0431 0.1011 32.5665 39,119,840 Liq −185.77° F. 53Water 65.52 14.693 33.6624 0.0661 0.0836 32.5665 39,119,840 Liq −146.43°F. 54 Water 53.59 24.693 21.7429 0.0431 0.1011 22.6950 27,261,956 Liq−185.77° F. 55 Water 65.16 14.693 33.2996 0.0655 0.0792 22.695027,261,956 Liq −146.79° F. 56 Water 53.59 24.693 21.7429 0.0431 0.10114.41853 5,307,668 Liq −185.77° F. 57 Water 75.52 14.693 43.6534 0.08500.3003 4.41853 5,307,668 Liq −136.44° F. 58 Water 66.12 14.693 34.26410.0673 0.0914 59.6800 71,689,463 Liq −145.83° F. 60 Water 0.00 14.69333.5134 0.0000 0.0000 55.2615 66,381,795 Mix 0

All references cited herein are incorporated by reference. Although theinvention has been disclosed with reference to its preferredembodiments, from reading this description those of skill in the art mayappreciate changes and modification that may be made which do not departfrom the scope and spirit of the invention as described above andclaimed hereafter.

1. A condensation and thermal compression system comprising: aseparation subsystem comprising separators SP1, SP2, and SP3, a scrubberSC1 and a throttle control valve TV3 adapted to produce rich vaporstreams and lean liquid streams, where the separator SP3 produces a richvapor stream S39 used to form an enriched basic solution; a heatexchange subsystem comprising heat exchangers HE1, HE2 and HE3 andthrottle control valves TV1, TV2, TV4, TV5, TV6, and TV7, wheresubsystem cools streams derived from an entering stream S138, heats apressurized enriched basic solution stream S44, splits the pressurizedenriched basic solution stream S44 into substreams, pressure adjusts thesubstreams for subsequence use, and mixes pressure adjusted lean streamswith the entering stream S138 to form a partially condensed basicsolution stream S19 and where the entering stream S138 is mixed with anamount of a pressure adjusted lean stream S71, where the amount issufficient so that entering stream is in a state of saturated vapor; afirst condensing and pressurizing subsystem comprising a first condenserHE4, a first pump P1, a fourth pump P4, a mixing valve and a splittingvalve, where the partially condensed basic solution stream S19 is fullycondensed to form a fully condensed basic solution stream S1, where thefully condensed basic solution stream S1 is pressurized to form apressurized fully condensed basic solution stream S2, where a rich vaporstream S39 from the separator SP3 is mixed with the stream S2 to form anenriched basic solution stream S24, where the enriched basic solutionstream S24 is pressurized to form the pressurized enriched basicsolution stream S20 and where the pressurized enriched basic solutionstream S20 is split into the pressurized enriched basic solution streamS44 and a pressurized enriched basic solution substream S36; and asecond condensing and pressurizing subsystem comprising a secondcondenser HE7, a second pump P2, a third condenser HE6, a third pump P3,a splitter valve, a mixing valve, a fifth pump P5 and a heat exchangeunit HE5, where a partially condensed stream S3 is fully condensed toform a fully condensed stream S23, where the fully condensed solutionstream S23 is pressurized to form a pressurized fully condensed streamS40, where the pressurized fully condensed stream S40 is split into astream S45 and a first solution stream S46, where the first solutionsubstream S46 is pressurized to form a pressurized first solution streamS48, where the substream S45 is mixed with a cooled rich stream S25 toform a second solution stream S26, where the second solution stream S26is fully condensed to form a fully condensed second solution stream S27,where the fully condensed second solution stream S27 is pressurized toform a pressurized second solution stream S28, and where a rich vaporstream S30 is cooled, while the second solution stream S28 and the firstsolution stream S48 are heated to form a heated second solution streamS29, a heated first solution stream S49 and the cooled rich stream S25.2. The system of claim 1, wherein the composition of the streams arederived from a multi-component stream comprising an ammonia-watermixture, a mixture of two or more hydrocarbons, a mixture of two or morefreons, or a mixture of hydrocarbons and freons.
 3. The system of claim2, wherein the multi-component stream comprises a mixture of water andammonia.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the multi-component streamcomprises a mixture of water and ammonia.
 5. The system of claim 1,wherein a flow rate of the first solution stream S46 is zero and thesystem produces only the second solution stream S29.
 6. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the first solution stream S49 and the second solutionstream S29 have the same composition.
 7. The system of claim 1, whereinthe first solution stream S49 and the second solution stream S29 havedifferent compositions, the first solution being a lean solution and thesecond solution being a rich solution.
 8. A method comprising: mixing anincoming stream S138 and an amount of a pressure adjusted lean liquidsubstream S71 to form a stream S38, where the amount is sufficient toconvert the stream S138 into a state of saturated vapor; bringing thestream S38 into a heat exchange relationship with an enriched basicsolution stream S11 to form a cooled stream S15 and a heated stream S5,mixing the stream S15 with a pressure adjusted lean stream S8 to form aleaner stream S16, bringing the stream S16 into a heat exchangerelationship with an enriched basic solution stream S12 to form thestream S11 and a cooled leaner stream S17, dividing an enriched basicsolution stream S14 into enriched basic solution streams S13 and S22,dividing the enriched basic solution stream S22 into enriched basicsolution streams S21 and S12, bringing the stream S17 into a heatexchange relationship with an enriched basic solution stream S44 to formthe stream S14 and a stream S18, mixing the stream S18 with a pressureadjusted lean stream S41 to form a basic solution stream S19, bringingthe stream S19 into a heat exchange relationship with an externalcoolant to form a fully condensed basic solution stream S1, pressurizingthe stream S1 to form a pressurized basic solution stream S2, mixing thestream S2 with a rich vapor stream S39 to an enriched basic solutionstream S24, pressurizing the stream S24 to form a pressurized, enrichedbasic solution stream S20, dividing the stream S20 into two enrichedbasic solution stream S44 and S36, separating the stream S5 into a richvapor stream S6 and a lean liquid stream S7, dividing the stream S7 intotwo substreams S70 and S4, pressure adjusting the stream S70 to form thestream S71, mixing the stream S4 with a lean liquid scrubber stream S35to form a lean stream S9, pressure adjusting the stream S9 to form thestream S8, pressure adjusting the stream S21 to form a stream S10,forwarding the stream S6 into a lower port of a scrubber SC1 and thestream S10 into an upper port of the scrubber SC1 to form a rich vaporstream S30 and the stream S35, pressure adjusting the stream S36 to forma stream S31, pressure adjusting the stream S13 to form the stream S43,separating the stream S43 into a rich vapor stream S34 and a lean liquidstream S32, pressure adjusting the stream S32 to form a stream S42,separating the stream S42 into a rich vapor stream S39 and a lean liquidstream S47, pressure adjusting the stream S47 to form the stream S41,mixing the stream S34 and the stream S31 to form a stream S3, bringingthe stream S3 into a heat exchange relationship with an external coolantto form a fully condensed basic solution stream S23, pressurizing thestream S23 to form a pressurized basic solution stream S40, dividing thestream S40 into a first solution stream S46 and a stream S45, mixing thestream S45 and a stream S25 to form a second solution stream S26,bringing the stream S26 into a heat exchange relationship with anexternal coolant to form a fully condensed second solution stream S27,pressurizing the stream S27 to form a pressurized second solution streamS28, pressurizing the stream S46 to form a pressurized first solutionstream S48, and bringing the stream S28, the stream S48 and the streamS30 to form the stream S25, a heated first solution stream S49 and aheated second solution stream S29.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein thecomposition of the streams are derived from a multi-component streamcomprising an ammonia-water mixture, a mixture of two or morehydrocarbons, a mixture of two or more freons, or a mixture ofhydrocarbons and freons.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein themulti-component stream comprises a mixture of water and ammonia.
 11. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the multi-component stream comprises amixture of water and ammonia.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein a flowrate of the first solution stream S46 is zero and the system producesonly the second solution stream S29.
 13. The method of claim 8, whereinthe first solution stream S49 and the second solution stream S29 havethe same composition.
 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the firstsolution stream S49 and the second solution stream S29 have differentcompositions, the first solution being a lean solution and the secondsolution being a rich solution.
 15. A bottoming cycle system comprising:a heat recovery vapor generator subsystem HRVG including: a preheatersection for preheating at least one higher pressure stream with heatderived from a gaseous heat source stream; an intercooler section forvaporizing the higher pressure streams with heat derived from thegaseous heat source stream and a lower pressure working solution streamto form a cooled lower pressure working solution stream, if more thanone stream enters the HRVG, then the streams are combined to from aworking solution stream and the combination is performed at a point inthe HRVG, where a temperature of the combined working solution streamhas the same or substantially the same temperature as the two streamsprior to being combined; a mid temperature section for heating thevaporized higher pressure working solution stream with heat derived fromthe gaseous heat source stream; and a superheater/reheater section forsuperheating the higher pressure working solution stream to form asuperheated higher pressure working solution stream and for reheating anintermediate working solution stream with heat derived from the gaseousheat source stream to form a reheated intermediate pressure workingsolution; a multi-stage energy conversion or turbine subsystemincluding: a high pressure turbine or turbine stage HPT for converting aportion of thermal energy in the superheated higher pressure workingsolution stream into a first portion of useable energy to form anintermediate pressure working solution stream; an intermediate pressureturbine or turbine stage IPT for converting a portion of thermal energyin the reheated intermediate pressure working solution stream into asecond portion of useable energy to form a spent working solutionstream; and a condensation thermal compression subsystem CTCSS forcondensing the spent working solution stream to from the at least onefully condensed stream, where the CTCSS includes three separators and ascrubber, where the third separator forms a rich vapor stream that isused to form an enriched basic solution stream, a portion of which isheated by the spent working solution stream.
 16. The apparatus of claim15, wherein turbine subsystem further includes: a lower pressure turbineor turbine stage LPT for converting a portion of thermal energy in thecooled lower pressure working solution stream into a third portion ofusable energy to form the spent working solution stream.
 17. The systemof claim 15, wherein the CTCSS comprises a plurality of heat exchangers,at least one separators, a plurality of pumps, a plurality of throttlevalves, a plurality of mixing valves and a plurality of splitting valvesarranged to efficiently convert the spent working fluid stream into theat least one fully condensed working fluid stream by forming streams ofdifferent compositions, pressures and temperatures and using an externalcoolant stream to fully condense streams derived from the spent workingfluid stream into the fully condensed streams.
 18. The system of claim15, wherein the preheater comprises a section PHS of the HRVG.
 19. Thesystem of claim 15, wherein the intercooler comprises a section ICS ofthe HRVG.
 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the superheater comprisessections MTS and HTS of the HRVG.
 21. The system of claim 15, whereinthe reheater comprises a section HTS the HRVG.
 22. The system of claim15, wherein the working fluid is a multi-component fluid.
 23. The systemof claim 22, wherein the multi-component fluid comprises anammonia-water mixture, a mixture of two or more hydrocarbons, a mixtureof two or more freons, or a mixture of hydrocarbons and freons.
 24. Thesystem of claim 23, wherein the composition of the incomingmulti-component stream comprises a mixture of water and ammonia.
 25. Abottoming cycle method comprising the steps of: pressurizing at leastone fully condensed stream in feed pumps to form higher pressure fullycondensed stream, bringing the higher pressure, fully condensed streamsinto a first heat exchange relationship with a gaseous heat sourcestream in a preheater section PHS of a heat recovery vapor generatorsubsystem HRVG to form a spent gaseous heat source stream and preheated,higher pressure streams; bringing the preheated, higher pressuresstreams into a second heat exchange relationship with the gaseous heatsource stream and a lower pressure working solution stream in anintercooler section ICS of the HRVG to form vaporized, higher pressurestreams and a cooled lower pressure working solution; if there are morethan one fully condensed streams entering the HRVG, then combining thestreams in the ICS of the HRVG to form a vaporized higher pressure,working solution stream, where the streams are combined at a point,where a temperature vaporized working solution stream is the same orsubstantially the same as a temperature of the two vaporized streams,bringing the vaporized, higher pressure working solution stream into athird heat exchange relationship with the gaseous heat source stream ina mid temperature section MTS of the HRVG to form a heated vaporized,higher pressure working solution stream; bringing the heated vaporized,higher pressure working solution stream into a fourth heat exchangerelationship with the gaseous heat source stream in a high temperaturesection HTS of the HRVG to form a superheated higher pressure workingsolution stream; converting a portion of thermal energy in thesuperheated, higher pressure working solution stream into a firstportion of a usable form of energy in a high pressure turbine or turbinestage HPT to form an intermediate pressure working solution stream;bringing the intermediate pressure working solution stream into a fifthheat exchange relationship with the gaseous heat source stream in theHTS of the HRVG to form a reheated, intermediate pressure workingsolution stream; converting a portion of thermal energy in the reheated,intermediate pressure working solution stream into a second portion ofthe usable form of energy in intermediate pressure turbine or turbinestage IPT to form the lower pressure working solution stream; andcondensing a spent working solution stream in a condensation thermalcompression subsystem CTCSS to form the fully condensed streams, wherethe spent stream comprising the lower pressure working solution stream.26. The method of claim 25, further comprising the steps of: prior tothe condensing step, converting a portion of thermal energy in the lowerpressure working solution stream into a third portion of the usable formof energy in a lower pressure turbine or turbine stage LPT to form thespent working solution stream.
 27. The method of claim 25, wherein theworking fluid is a multi-component fluid.
 28. The method of claim 27,wherein the multi-component fluid comprises an ammonia-water mixture, amixture of two or more hydrocarbons, a mixture of two or more freons, ora mixture of hydrocarbons and freons.
 29. The method of claim 28,wherein the multi-component stream comprises a mixture of water andammonia.
 30. The method of claim 25, wherein the CTCSS comprising: aseparation subsystem comprising separators SP1, SP2, and SP3, a scrubberSC1 and a throttle control valve TV3 adapted to produce rich vaporstreams and lean liquid streams, where the separator SP3 produces a richvapor stream S39 used to form an enriched basic solution; a heatexchange subsystem comprising heat exchangers HE1, HE2 and HE3 andthrottle control valves TV1, TV2, TV4, TV5, TV6, and TV7, wheresubsystem cools streams derived from an entering stream S138, heats apressurized enriched basic solution stream S44, splits the pressurizedenriched basic solution stream S44 into substreams, pressure adjusts thesubstreams for subsequence use, and mixes pressure adjusted lean streamswith the entering stream S138 to form a partially condensed basicsolution stream S19 and where the entering stream S138 is mixed with anamount of a pressure adjusted lean stream S71, where the amount issufficient so that entering stream is in a state of saturated vapor; afirst condensing and pressurizing subsystem comprising a first condenserHE4, a first pump P1, a fourth pump P4, a mixing valve and a splittingvalve, where the partially condensed basic solution stream S19 is fullycondensed to form a fully condensed basic solution stream S1, where thefully condensed basic solution stream S1 is pressurized to form apressurized fully condensed basic solution stream S2, where a rich vaporstream S39 from the separator SP3 is mixed with the stream S2 to form anenriched basic solution stream S24, where the enriched basic solutionstream S24 is pressurized to form the pressurized enriched basicsolution stream S20 and where the pressurized enriched basic solutionstream S20 is split into the pressurized enriched basic solution streamS44 and a pressurized enriched basic solution substream S36; and asecond condensing and pressurizing subsystem comprising a secondcondenser HE7, a second pump P2, a third condenser HE6, a third pump P3,a splitter valve, a mixing valve, a fifth pump P5 and a heat exchangeunit HE5, where a partially condensed stream S3 is fully condensed toform a fully condensed stream S23, where the fully condensed solutionstream S23 is pressurized to form a pressurized fully condensed streamS40, where the pressurized fully condensed stream S40 is split into astream S45 and a first solution stream S46, where the first solutionsubstream S46 is pressurized to form a pressurized first solution streamS48, where the substream S45 is mixed with a cooled rich stream S25 toform a second solution stream S26, where the second solution stream S26is fully condensed to form a fully condensed second solution stream S27,where the fully condensed second solution stream S27 is pressurized toform a pressurized second solution stream S28, and where a rich vaporstream S30 is cooled, while the second solution stream S28 and the firstsolution stream S48 are heated to form a heated second solution streamS29, a heated first solution stream S49 and the cooled rich stream S25.30. The method of claim 29, wherein a flow rate of the first solutionstream S46 is zero and the system produces only the second solutionstream S29.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the first solutionstream S49 and the second solution stream S29 have the same composition.32. The method of claim 29, wherein the first solution stream S49 andthe second solution stream S29 have different compositions, the firstsolution being a lean solution and the second solution being a richsolution.